System for recording information associated with hail storm event and determining structure damage based on same

ABSTRACT

A hail strike recording device is operable to provide quantifiable information about a hail storm event experienced by a roof. The recording device is operable to be installed on a roof and includes a panel component and a mounting assembly. The panel component presents a hail impact zone to sense one or more hail strikes, with the recording device operable to provide recorded data associated with the sensed one or more hail strikes.

RELATED APPLICATION

This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/818,136, filedAug. 4, 2015, entitled SYSTEM FOR RECORDING INFORMATION ASSOCIATED WITHHAIL STORM EVENT AND DETERMINING STRUCTURE DAMAGE BASED ON SAME, whichis a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/752,046, filed Jan.28, 2013, entitled SYSTEM FOR RECORDING INFORMATION ASSOCIATED WITH HAILSTORM EVENT AND DETERMINING STRUCTURE DAMAGE BASED ON SAME, which claimsthe benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/591,590, filedJan. 27, 2012, entitled SYSTEM FOR RECORDING INFORMATION ASSOCIATED WITHHAIL STORM EVENT AND DETERMINING STRUCTURE DAMAGE BASED ON SAME, andalso claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.61/710,544, filed Oct. 5, 2012, entitled SYSTEM FOR RECORDINGINFORMATION ASSOCIATED WITH HAIL STORM EVENT AND DETERMINING STRUCTUREDAMAGE BASED ON SAME, each of which is hereby incorporated in itsentirety by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The present invention relates generally to measurement and recording ofstructural damage data. More specifically, embodiments of the presentinvention concern a recording device for use as part of a roof assemblyto record hail strike data associated with one or more hail strikes andto use the recorded data to determine damage to the roof.

2. Discussion of Prior Art

Those ordinarily skilled in the insurance and construction industrieswill understand that hail storms are able to inflict significant damageto roofs and other building features. Hail damage evaluation istypically based upon eye witness reports, post-storm examination ofbuilding materials including a visual comparative analysis of damagedand undamaged roof materials, identification and examination of damageto other adjacent building features, and analysis of recorded weatherdata. The threshold for damage sufficient to require roof replacement istypically determined by testing a sample of roof material.

However, conventional methods of determining the amount of damage to aparticular roof are deficient for various reasons. For instance, theabove methods involve analysis that is often highly subjective, such asvisual inspection of the roof membrane and surrounding buildingcomponents. Roof membrane materials are notoriously inaccurate as agauge for the severity of hail strikes. For example, conventionalmembranes that have sustained deformation, cracking, or tearing damagemay appear to be visually undamaged. On the other hand, visualdepressions in such membranes can suggest that the hail strike intensityis more severe than was actually experienced by the roof.

SUMMARY

The following brief summary is provided to indicate the nature of thesubject matter disclosed herein. While certain aspects of the presentinvention are described below, the summary is not intended to limit thescope of the present invention.

Embodiments of the present invention provide a recording device thatdoes not suffer from the problems and limitations of the prior artmethods set forth above.

A first aspect of the present invention concerns a hail strike recordingdevice operable to provide quantifiable information about a hail stormevent experienced by a roof. The recording device broadly includes asacrificial panel component and a mounting assembly. The sacrificialpanel component includes a deformable hail impact zone. The impact zoneis calibrated so that deformation caused by a hail strike correspondswith a known impact energy. The mounting assembly is configured tosupport the panel component on the roof. The mounting assembly isfixedly coupled to the panel component and includes an anchor operableto be secured to the roof. The mounting assembly is configured tosupport the panel component adjacent the roof so that the hail impactzone faces skyward in generally the same orientation as the roof, suchthat the impact energy absorbed by the impact zone is substantiallysimilar to that which would have been experienced by the roof if thehail had struck the roof rather than the panel component.

A second aspect of the present invention concerns a roof assembly for abuilding structure. The roof assembly broadly includes a roof and a hailstrike recording device. The roof is exposed to hail storm events. Thehail strike recording device is operable to provide quantifiableinformation about a hail storm event experienced by the roof. Therecording device includes a sacrificial panel component and a mountingassembly. The sacrificial panel component includes a deformable hailimpact zone. The impact zone is calibrated so that deformation caused bya hail strike corresponds with a known impact energy. The mountingassembly supports the panel component adjacent the roof so that the hailimpact zone faces skyward in generally the same orientation as the roof,such that the impact energy absorbed by the impact zone is substantiallysimilar to that which would have been experienced by the roof if thehail had struck the roof rather than the panel component.

A third aspect of the present invention concerns a roof assembly for abuilding structure. The roof assembly broadly includes a roof and anelectronic hail strike recording device. The roof is exposed to hailstorm events. The electronic hail strike recording device is operable toprovide data about a hail storm event experienced by the roof. Therecording device includes a platen, a processing unit, and a mountingassembly. The platen presents an upwardly directed platen face operableto be impacted by hail. The electronic sensor is operably coupled to theplaten to sense a platen parameter associated with a hail strike. Thesensor provides output signals corresponding to the sensed platenparameter. The processing unit is operably coupled to the sensor toreceive and store the output signals from the sensor. The mountingassembly supports the platen adjacent the roof so that the platen facefaces skyward in generally the same orientation as the roof, such thathail strikes against the platen face are substantially similar to hailstrikes against the roof.

A fourth aspect of the present invention concerns a method of assessingthe affect of a hail storm event experienced by the roof of a buildingstructure. The method broadly includes the steps of having informationrecorded about hail strikes substantially similar to those experiencedby the roof; determining the impact energy that corresponds with atleast one of the hail strikes; and applying the determined impact energyagainst a sample of the roof.

This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the detaileddescription. This summary is not intended to identify key features oressential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended tobe used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Other aspectsand advantages of the present invention will be apparent from thefollowing detailed description of the embodiments and the accompanyingdrawing figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

Preferred embodiments of the invention are described in detail belowwith reference to the attached drawing figures, wherein:

FIG. 1 is an upper perspective of a building with a roof assemblyconstructed in accordance with a first embodiment of the presentinvention, with the roof assembly including upper and lower roofsections and multiple hail strike recording devices deployed on the roofsections;

FIG. 2 is a fragmentary upper perspective of the roof assembly shown inFIG. 1, showing a panel component and a mounting assembly of one of therecording devices;

FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective of the recording device shown in FIGS.1 and 2, showing the mounting assembly exploded from the panelcomponent, as well as the attachment membrane, mounting brackets, andfasteners of the mounting assembly;

FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective of the panel component shown in FIGS.1-3, showing a panel core separated from upper and lower panel sheets;

FIG. 5 is a cross section of the roof assembly shown in FIGS. 1 and 2,showing the attachment membrane, mounting brackets, fasteners, andsealing layer of the mounting assembly;

FIG. 6 is a fragmentary perspective of the recording device shown inFIGS. 1-3, with part of the recording device being cross sectioned toshow attachment of the mounting assembly to the panel component;

FIG. 7 is a fragmentary perspective of the recording device similar toFIG. 6, but showing the recording device in an indented condition, withdepressions being caused by hail stones;

FIG. 7a is a greatly enlarged fragmentary cross section of the recordingdevice in the indented condition as shown in FIG. 7, showing width anddepth dimensions of one of the depressions;

FIG. 8 is an upper perspective of a roof assembly constructed inaccordance with a second embodiment of the present invention, with ahail strike recording device being deployed on a pitched roof andattached to composite shingles of the pitched roof;

FIG. 9 is an upper perspective of a roof assembly constructed inaccordance with a third embodiment of the present invention, showing aroof section and a recording device of the roof assembly, where therecording device includes a panel component and a mounting assembly thatsecures the panel component to the roof at a location spaced above theroof, and with the mounting assembly including a pair of studs, amembrane that covers the studs, nails that penetrate the roof membraneand secure the studs to the roof, and threaded fastener assemblies thatsecure the studs to the panel component;

FIG. 10 is a cross section of the roof assembly shown in FIG. 9, showingthe studs and panel component secured to each other by the fastenerassemblies, with the panel component being spaced above the roof todefine an open space therebetween;

FIG. 11 is a fragmentary top view of a roof assembly constructed inaccordance with a fourth embodiment of the present invention, with theroof assembly including a roof section and an electronic recordingdevice, and with the recording device including a frame, a platen, loadcells, and a controller having a processor operably coupled to a memoryelement and to the load cells;

FIG. 12 is a fragmentary cross section of the roof assembly taken alongline 12-12 in FIG. 11, showing the platen supported on the load cells;and

FIG. 13 is a side elevation of the roof assembly shown in FIGS. 11 and12, showing a video camera, wind anemometer, wind direction sensor, andtemperature sensor installed as part of the recording device.

The drawing figures do not limit the present invention to the specificembodiments disclosed and described herein. The drawings are notnecessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearlyillustrating the principles of the preferred embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Turning initially to FIG. 1, a roof assembly 20 is constructed inaccordance with a first embodiment of the present invention to recordinformation about one or more hail strikes and evaluate any roof damagecaused by the hail strikes. It will be appreciated that hail stones canvary significantly in size and mass. For instance, hail stone diametercan range from pea-size to softball-size. Generally, pea-size or smallerhail causes very little to no damage to most conventional roofs having abitumen membrane. Thus, the present invention is generally not needed tosense such small hail stones. Also, because baseball-size andsoftball-size hail generally cause significant roof damage, the presentinvention is not needed to sense these very large hail stones. However,it has been found that the present invention is very effective forsensing the presence of hail stone sizes that range between these verysmall and very large hail stone sizes. Preferably, the illustrated hailstrike recording device can record a hail strike with an impact energythat ranges from about 2.5 ft-lb to about 25 ft-lb and, more preferablyabout 5 ft-lb to about 25 ft-lb. For the illustrated recording device tooperably record hail strikes in these ranges of impact energy, it isnecessary for the panel component of the recording device to plasticallydeform where panel component is contacted by and absorbs the impactenergy of the hail stone.

The illustrated roof assembly 20 is provided as part of a stationarybuilding 22. While the building 22 has a generally rectangular floorplan, the principles of the inventive roof assembly 20 are applicable tobuildings of various sizes and/or configurations. It will also beappreciated that the building 22 can be employed for various purposeswithout departing from the scope of the present invention.

Turning to FIGS. 1 and 5, the roof assembly 20 preferably includes upperand lower roof sections 24,26 and a plurality of hail strike recordingdevices 28. Each roof section 24,26 comprises a conventional flat roofconstruction and includes a roof deck 30, a substrate board 32, abitumen roof membrane 34, and a surrounding parapet 36. Also, the roofdeck 30 is preferably supported on a building framework (not shown),such as trusses, beams, and/or arches. It will be appreciated that theillustrated roof could have an alternative construction withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention. For instance, theflat roof could include an alternative bitumen roofing, such as amultiple layer built-up bitumen roof construction. Also, as will bedepicted, the roof could include a pitched roof section. Other roofingmaterials are also within the ambit of the present invention.

The illustrated roof sections 24,26 support various exposed roofelements and equipment such as vents 38, a roof access 40, HVACequipment 42, and conduits 44 (see FIG. 1). However, such exposedelements could be alternatively configured, e.g., based upon buildingrequirements. It will also be appreciated that the roof sections 24,26could be variously sized and shaped. Yet further, the illustrated roofcould include an alternative number of roof sections instead of the two(2) roof sections 24,26 shown. As will be discussed, one or morerecording devices 28 can be selectively positioned along the roofsections 24,26 to provide optimal sensing of the hail storm event. Forinstance, one or more recording devices 28 can be positioned to avoidevent sensing interference by one of the exposed elements and or one ofthe parapets 36. The size of the roof will also often impact the numberof recording devices installed.

Turning to FIGS. 2-7, the recording device 28 is preferably deployed toinstrument the roof sections 24,26 so that one or more hail strikes canbe sensed near the roof. Furthermore, subsequent to a hail storm event,data associated with the hail storm event is preferably retrieved fromthe recording device 28, as will be discussed in greater detail.

The recording device 28 preferably includes a panel component 46 and amounting assembly 48 that secures the panel component 46 to the roof.The illustrated panel component 46 comprises a structure that ispreferably deformable and continuous throughout. The structure isdeformable in response to a hail strike so as to sense a quantifiableproperty of the hail strike. The illustrated panel component 46 includesa deformable hail impact zone 49 and an outer panel attachment margin 64that surrounds the impact zone, as will be discussed. The impact zone 49presents an exposed hail impact zone surface 50. In the illustratedembodiment, the impact zone 49 is positioned laterally between the outerpanel attachment margin because the mounting assembly 48 covers theouter panel attachment margin. However, it is within the scope of thepresent invention where additional parts of the panel component 46, oreven the entire panel component 46, present the hail impact zone 49.This illustrated panel component 46 is particularly suitable for such analternative configuration because its construction is consistentthroughout. For instance, the mounting assembly 48 could be configuredto attach to the sides of the panel component 46 without covering theupper sheet of the panel. Also, one or more sides of the panel component46 could be positioned against corresponding sides of one or more otherpanel assemblies to cooperatively form a hail sensing panel. The impactzone surface 50 is generally exposed and faces skyward in generally thesame orientation as the roof when the panel component 46 is mounted onthe roof, with the impact zone surface 50 being deformable in responseto the hail strike. As will be discussed the hail impact zone ispreferably calibrated so that deformation caused by a hail strikecorresponds with a known impact energy.

The illustrated panel component 46 preferably includes a deformablepanel core 52 and opposite upper and lower sheets 54,56. The panel core46 preferably comprises an aluminum honeycomb structure that includes aplurality of interconnected fins that cooperatively form an array (i.e.,a pattern) of hexagonal-shaped tubes 58 formed alongside and extendinggenerally parallel to one another. In other words, the interconnectedfins are arranged to present a honeycomb pattern. However, it will beappreciated that the fins could be arranged to form a differenthoneycomb-like pattern or an alternative array pattern. Again, each tube58 preferably has a generally hexagonal cross-sectional shape andpresents an elongated cavity 60. When the sheets 54,56 are fixed to thepanel core 52, the cavities 60 and sheets 54,56 cooperatively definecorresponding enclosed chambers 61 of the panel component 46 (see FIGS.5-7). The illustrated chambers 61 preferably comprise hollow, discretechambers within the panel, where the chambers are generally not exposedto ambient conditions.

The impact zone 49 generally extends in a vertical direction along thethickness of the upper sheet 54, although the impact zone 49 can alsoextend at least partly into the thickness of the panel core 46. Thus,for some situations, where the panel component 46 is exposed to a hailstorm event and presents multiple relatively shallow indentations (i.e.,depressions), the panel component 46 could be reinstalled in an invertedposition so that the lower sheet 56, which has no indentations, facesupwardly. Furthermore, the impact zone 49 could extend from the uppersheet 54 to the lower sheet 56, particularly when the panel is exposedto large hail.

For some aspects of the present invention, the tubes 58 could have analternative cross-sectional geometrical shape, such as a square,rectangle, triangle, or circle. Preferably, the arrayed tubes 58cooperatively present opposite faces 62 of the panel core 52. It is alsowithin the ambit of the present invention for the wall structure formingthe panel core 52 to be alternatively configured so as not to formtubes, as further discussed below. Each tube 58 preferably presents across-sectional width dimension Dt that ranges from about one-eighth (⅛)inch to about one-half (½) inch and, more preferably, is aboutone-quarter (¼) inch (see FIG. 4).

The panel core 52 could have a fin arrangement other than theinterconnected tubes 58, while maintaining the desired deformability ofthe panel core 52. Such an alternative arrangement may or may notinclude fins that are interconnected. For instance, the panel core 52could include a plurality of continuous parallel fins that extendlongitudinally in the same direction and cooperatively presents spacedapart elongated channels. Each of the parallel fins may or may not bedirectly attached to (or formed with) adjacent ones of the parallelfins.

It has been found that the illustrated panel core constructioncooperates with the upper and lower sheets 54,56 to provide a panelcomponent 46 that plastically deforms in response to a range of hailstrikes. However, it is within the ambit of the present invention wherethe panel core 52 is alternatively configured so that the panelcomponent 46 is similarly deformable. Again, the panel core 52 couldhave various types of fin arrangements. Furthermore, the panel core 52could have another structure that presents a series of discrete chambers61 to permit deformation of the panel core 52. Yet further, the panelcore 52 could include a substantially homogeneous material that fillsthe space between the sheets, with deformation caused by hail strikescausing compression of the material.

While the panel core 52 is preferably made from aluminum, the panel core52 could include an alternative material, such as an alternative metaland/or synthetic resin material, without departing from the scope of thepresent invention.

The upper and lower sheets 54,56 each preferably comprise a continuousaluminum sheet. However, the sheets 54,56 could be formed of analternative material, such as an alternative metal and/or syntheticresin material, without departing from the scope of the presentinvention. The sheets 54,56 each present a sheet thickness dimension Tsthat ranges from about one hundredth (0.01) of an inch to about fivehundredths (0.05) of an inch and, more preferably, is about fourhundredths (0.04) of an inch (see FIG. 4). For some aspects of thepresent invention, the sheets 54,56 could be alternatively shaped and/orconfigured.

The sheets 54,56 are each preferably adhered to a corresponding one ofthe faces 62 so that the core 52 is interposed between the sheets 54,56to form a composite panel. The illustrated panel component 46 preferablypresents a panel thickness dimension T_(p) that ranges from aboutone-half (½) inch to about two (2) inches and, more preferably, is aboutone (1) inch (see FIG. 3). The panel component 46 also presents lengthand width dimensions L_(p), W_(p) that preferably range from about one(1) foot to about ten (10) feet and, more preferably are each about four(4) feet (see FIG. 3).

The sheets 54,56 are preferably substantially planar prior toinstallation and initial use of the recording device 28. When used inconnection with sheets 54,56, the term “substantially planar” preferablyrefers to a maximum surface deviation of the sheet, measured along thedirection normal to the sheet surface, that ranges from about zero (0)inches to about two (2) inches and, more preferably, from about zero (0)inches to about one (1) inch, wherein the sheet surface has a lateraldimension no larger than four (4) feet. However, for some aspects of thepresent invention, one or both of the sheets 54,56 could be configuredso that the sheet surface has a nonplanar shape (e.g., where the surfacepresents a concave, convex, or concavo-convex shape).

The substantially planar sheets 54,56 are also preferably substantiallyparallel to one another. In other words, the panel thickness dimensionT_(p) is substantially constant throughout the panel, although thedimension T_(p) could vary across the panel without departing from thescope of the present invention. When used in connection with sheets54,56, the term “substantially parallel” preferably refers to a maximumdistance deviation, measured between the sheets, that ranges from aboutzero (0) inches to about two (2) inches and, more preferably, from aboutzero (0) inches to about one (1) inch, wherein the sheets have a lateraldimension no larger than four (4) feet.

Although both sheets 54,56 are preferably included as part of the panelcomponent 46, for some aspects of the present invention, the panel maynot include both sheets 54,56. For instance, it may be possible wherethe panel component 46 only includes the panel core 52 and a single oneof the sheets (such as the upper sheet 54). Yet further, it is possiblethat the panel component 46 includes neither of the sheets 54,56. Forexample, a layer structure having a shape and/or properties similar to acontinuous sheet could be integrally formed as part of the panel core 52along one or both faces of the panel core 52 (e.g., where a layerstructure is integrally molded or cast as part of the panel core 52).

The panel component 46 preferably presents an outer margin 64. As willbe discussed, the outer margin 64 preferably serves as an attachmentmargin that is engaged by the mounting assembly 48 to secure the panelcomponent 46 to the roof.

The illustrated impact zone surface 50 preferably has a generally squareshape when viewing the surface along a direction normal to the surface50. However, it is within the scope of the present invention where theimpact zone surface 50 has an alternative geometric shape, such as arectangle, circle, triangle, hexagon, octagon, etc. The impact zonesurface 50 is also preferably substantially planar prior to installationand initial use of the recording device 28. When used in connection withthe impact zone surface 50, the term “substantially planar” preferablyrefers to a maximum surface deviation of a reference impact zone surface50, measured along the direction normal to the surface 50, that rangesfrom about zero (0) inches to about two (2) inches and, more preferably,from about zero (0) inches to about one (1) inch, wherein the referenceimpact zone surface 50 has a lateral dimension no larger than four (4)feet.

However, for some aspects of the present invention, the recording device28 could be configured so that the impact zone surface 50 has anonplanar shape (e.g., where the surface 50 presents a concave, convex,or concavo-convex shape).

When the panel component 46 is supported only along the outer margin 64thereof (see FIG. 3), the panel component 46 preferably resists anyplastic deformation in response to static loads applied to the uppersheet 54. For instance, when the recording device 28 is installed, it isbelieved that a person could, purposely or inadvertently, stand on thepanel component 46 or position tools or equipment on the panel component46. Consequently, the panel component 46 is preferably constructed toresist plastic deformation when exposed to a maximum static pressurethat ranges from about fifty pounds per square inch (50 psi) to aboutseventy-five pounds per square inch (75 psi).

The illustrated panel component 46 is preferably a composite aluminumpanel, Model No. ALA 1.0″×4×10 HD, manufactured by Paneltec LLC ofLafayette, Colo. However, one suitable alternative panel construction isModel No. ALA 1.04896, manufactured by Paneltec LLC.

Each recording device 28 also preferably includes an identificationplate (not shown) that presents identification indicia that is unique tothe recording device 28 and, therefore, uniquely identifies therecording device 28. Preferably, the indicia is in the visible form of aunique serial number, which could be printed, stamped, or otherwisepermanently added to the identification plate. However, the indiciacould have other visible forms (such as a scannable bar code) within thescope of the present invention. Yet further, the recording device 28could have another element to uniquely identify itself, such as anelectronic RFID chip.

Again, the recording device 28 preferably includes the mounting assembly48 to secure the panel component 46 to the respective one of the roofsections 24,26. The illustrated mounting assembly 48 preferably includesan elongated bitumen attachment membrane 66, elongated mounting brackets68,70, fasteners 72, and a sealing layer 74 (see FIG. 5).

The attachment membrane 66 presents inner and outer margins 76,78. Theattachment membrane 66 is preferably positioned so that the inner margin76 lays flat along and engages the upper sheet 54 along the outer margin64 of the panel component 46. That is, the inner margin 76 preferablyforms an elongated upper strap element that engages the upper sheet 54.The attachment membrane 66 is placed into engagement (e.g., by beingfolded or preformed) with outermost sides 80 presented by the panelcomponent 46. The attachment membrane 66 is also positioned and/orformed so that the outer margin 78 is generally parallel to the innermargin 76 and adjacent the lower sheet 56, with the outer margin 78projecting outboard of the outer margin 64 of the panel component 46. Inother words, the outer margin 78 preferably forms an elongated lowerstrap element that is operable to engage the roof, as will be discussed.

The mounting brackets 68,70 preferably comprise sections of conventionalflashing material, although the brackets 68,70 could be formed of othermaterial consistent with the scope of the present invention. Themounting brackets 68,70 are preferably secured to the attachmentmembrane 66 and the panel component 46 along the outer margin 64 withfasteners 72, with the inner margin 76 being secured between the panelcomponent 46 and mounting brackets 68,70. Again, the outer margin 64serves as an attachment margin that is engaged by the mounting assembly48 to secure the panel component 46 to the roof. While the illustratedmounting brackets 68,70 comprise flashing pieces that are preferred toengage and support the panel component 64, brackets having alternativeshapes, dimensions, and/or materials could be employed without departingfrom the scope of the present invention.

The illustrated attachment membrane 66 preferably circumscribes thepanel component 46 and provides an endless attachment structure.However, the principles of the present invention are applicable wherethe attachment membrane 66 does not extend continuously about the panelcomponent 46. Also, the attachment membrane 66 and mounting brackets68,70 cooperatively provide a continuous seal along the outer margin 64of the panel component 46. It will be appreciated that an alternativeseal arrangement could be provided without departing from the scope ofthe present invention.

The outer margin 78 of the attachment membrane 66 is preferably securelyattached to the roof membrane 34 with the sealing layer 74. The sealinglayer 74 preferably comprises a layer of bitumen material. The sealinglayer 74 is preferably heated and applied at a temperature above ambientusing conventional hot-mop techniques. However, the sealing layer 74could also include an alternative material, such as an adhesive. In thismanner, the mounting assembly 48 preferably does not penetrate the roofmembrane 34 when the recording device 28 is attached to the roof.However, as will be shown in a subsequent embodiment, a recording device28 could be attached with roof-penetrating fasteners.

While the illustrated mounting structure preferably has a bitumenattachment membrane 66, it is within the scope of the present inventionwhere the membrane 66 includes an alternative material. Furthermore, themounting structure could be devoid of the bitumen membrane, e.g., whereonly mounting brackets 68,70 are used to interconnect the panel to theroof. As will be shown in a subsequent embodiment, the illustrated panelcould be attached using a mounting structure without conventionalflashing. It is envisioned that the inventive recording device 28 can besecured to a roof structure with various mounting mechanisms, based onseveral factors (e.g., cost, convenience, reliability, etc.), within thescope of the present invention.

The illustrated mounting assembly 48 permits convenient and quicksecurement of the panel component 46 on the respective one of the roofsections 24,26. In a preferred application, the recording device 28 ispreferably removable from the roof by separating the attachment membrane66 of the mounting assembly 48 from the roof membrane 34. Theillustrated mounting assembly 48 is preferably not used to re-secure thefirst panel component 46 or to secure another panel component 46 afterthe first panel component 46 is removed from the roof. This is becauseremoval of the attachment membrane 66 from the roof membrane 34 couldcause damage to the attachment membrane 66 and/or the mounting brackets68,70.

However, the principles of the present invention are applicable wherethe panel component 46 is removed from the roof by removing thefasteners 72. Thus, in some applications, the mounting assembly 48 couldbe used to re-secure the first panel component 46 to the roof or tosecure another panel component 46 to the roof after the first panelcomponent 46 is removed.

The illustrated recording device 28 does not include electroniccomponents to sense and/or record properties associated with a hailstorm event or other ambient conditions. However, it is within the scopeof the present invention where the recording device 28 has one or moreelectronic sensing and/or recording components. For instance, as will beshown in a subsequent embodiment, the recording device 28 could includea camera, a wind speed sensor, a detector to sense wind direction, aload sensor, and/or a temperature sensor. The recording device 28 couldalso include one or more cameras and/or sensors to scan and record datafor later creating a three-dimensional representation of the impact zonesurface 50. The recording device 28 could further include a series ofpressure sensors, with each pressure sensor being in fluid communicationwith one of the enclosed chambers 61 in the panel core 52 to sensepressure in the chamber 61 when the chamber 61 is exposed to (andcollapses in response to) a hail strike. Yet further, the recordingdevice 28 could include a processing element and a memory element tocollect data from one or more of the above-referenced electronic devicesand record the collected data.

Each recording device 28 is preferably attached adjacent the respectiveone of the roof sections 24,26. As used herein, the term “adjacent theroof” preferably means alongside or slightly above the roof. Morepreferably, the term means on top of the roof, with any spacingtherebetween being provided only by the mounting assembly to secure therecording device to the roof. Most preferably, the term means to lieflat against the roof.

Each recording device 28 is also preferably attached to the respectiveone of the roof sections 24,26 so that the impact zone surface 50 of thepanel component 46 faces skyward in generally the same orientation as anexposed surface 82 of an adjacent part of the roof membrane 34 (seeFIGS. 1 and 5). As used herein, “generally the same orientation”preferably means that surfaces 50,82 face the same direction. Forexample, with the illustrated flat surfaces 50,82, the direction normal(i.e., perpendicular) to the impact zone surface 50 is about the same asthe direction normal to the exposed surface 82 of the roof. Furthermore,this also preferably means that the panel component 46, at least alongthe impact zone surface 50, presents a shape that closely conforms tothat of the exposed surface 82 of the roof. For instance, with theillustrated flat surfaces 50,82, the impact zone surface 50 of the panelcomponent 46 and the exposed surface 82 of the roof present respectivenormal directions that preferably cooperatively define an included angledimension ranging from about zero (0) degrees and to about ten (10)degrees and, more preferably, from about zero (0) degrees to about five(5) degrees. Most preferably, the impact zone surface 50 of the panelcomponent 46 and the exposed surface 82 of the roof are both planar andare arranged in a substantially parallel relationship, with the includedangle dimension being within the ranges discussed above or less.

With the preferred relationship of the surfaces 50,82 described above,the impact energy absorbed by the impact zone is substantially similarto that which would have been experienced by the roof if the hail hadstruck the roof rather than the panel component. This preferably meansthat hail strikes against the panel component (or platen, as describedin a subsequent panel embodiment) exert an impact energy that is nearlyidentical to that which would have been absorbed by the roof if the hailhad struck the roof instead. In other words, there is no meaningfuldifference (in terms of measuring roof damage) between the impact energyabsorbed by the panel component (or platen) or the impact energy thatwould have been absorbed by the roof if the hail had struck the roofinstead.

In the illustrated embodiment, multiple recording devices 28 areattached to the upper and lower roof sections 24,26. Preferably, eachrecording device 28 is attached so as to be laterally spaced from otherprojecting roof features that project vertically above the exposedsurface 82 of the roof. For instance, each recording device 28 ispreferably installed in a location spaced from the parapets 36, thevents 38, the roof access 40, the HVAC equipment 42, and conduits 44. Itis believed that such placement reduces the degree to which suchvertically projecting features interfere with sensing a hail stormevent. However, one or more recording devices 28 could be positioned incontact with one or more projecting features (e.g., where the recordingdevice 28 is located alongside a projecting feature or where therecording device 28 is attached above the projecting feature).

The multiple recording devices 28 are also preferably attached to theroof sections 24,26 so that the recording devices 28 are spaced apartfrom one another. However, for some aspects of the present invention,multiple ones of the recording devices 28 could be positionedimmediately adjacent or in direct contact with one another (e.g., tocooperatively provide a continuous impact zone 49 with a continuousimpact zone surface 50). Further, one or more sides of the panelcomponent 46 could be attached to corresponding sides of one or moreother panel assemblies to cooperatively form a hail sensing panel.

More preferably, at least some of the recording devices 28 arepositioned in a uniform pattern. For instance, the illustrated roofassembly 20 has recording devices 28 arranged in the form of multiplerows R and columns C of recording devices 28. Adjacent rows R ofrecording devices 28 are preferably offset from one another along adirection parallel to the rows R. Similarly, adjacent columns C ofrecording devices 28 are preferably offset from one another along adirection parallel to the columns C. For some roof installations, theroof preferably has recording devices 28 attached adjacent to outermostcorners 84 of the roof sections 24,26 (see FIG. 1).

Preferably, the recording devices 28 are provided so that the roofassembly 20 has a desired number (or density) of recording devices 28associated with a given roof area. Preferably, for the illustratedrecording device 28, with length and width dimensions of four (4) feetby four (4) feet, the roof has at least one recording device 28 for anassociated roof area that ranges from about four hundred (400) squarefeet to about twenty thousand (20,000) square feet. It will beappreciated that the desired density of recording devices 28 can beaffected by the roof configuration and the configuration of verticalroof projections. Furthermore, the presence of multiple buildings in aregion with installed recording devices 28 could affect the desireddensity of recording devices 28 (e.g., where the desired density isreduced because one or more adjacent buildings have (or will have) arecording device 28 installed).

The illustrated recording devices 28 are attached to the roof as part ofa new roof installation for the building 22. However, it will beappreciated that one or more of the recording devices 28 can beinstalled on an existing roof. The recording devices 28 could also beattached to the roof at different times. For instance, one or morepreviously installed recording devices 28 could be replaced with one ormore new recording devices 28 (e.g., subsequent to a hail storm event).

In use, multiple recording devices 28 are preferably secured as part ofthe illustrated roof assembly 20, as described above. The recordingdevices 28 are used to record information about hail strikessubstantially similar to hail strikes experienced by the roof from ahail storm event. Associated with the installation process, theidentification indicia of each installed recording device 28 ispreferably recorded in a manual or electronic database. Otherinformation associated with each recording device 28 can also berecorded in the database, such as installation date, installer contactinformation (e.g., installer name, address, and phone number), andspecification information for the recording device. Furthermore, to theextent that the recording device 28 includes processing and memoryelements along with one or more electronic components as describedabove, additional information associated with each recording device 28can be recorded in the database, such as identification information(e.g., model number, serial number, and/or specification information)associated with the processing, memory, and/or other electroniccomponents. Yet further, initial ambient data associated withinstallation can also be recorded to the database, such as sensed loaddata, pressure data, video image data, still image data, wind velocityand direction data, and temperature data.

Again, the recording device 28 serves to record data associated with ahail storm event. For the illustrated panel component, the recorded datais in the form of one or more depressions (i.e., indentations) I causedby corresponding one or more hail strikes that plastically deform thepanel component 46 along the impact zone surface 50. The depressions Peach have properties associated with the impact energy of thecorresponding hail strike. In particular, each depression P presents amaximum depth dimension D_(d) and a maximum width dimension D_(w) (seeFIGS. 7 and 7 a).

The dimensions D_(d),D_(w) can be collected manually using conventionalmeasurement tools. For instance, the depth dimension D_(d) can bemeasured with a conventional depth micrometer, and the width dimensionD_(w) can be measured with a conventional ruler or micrometer. Thesemanual measurements can then be recorded manually and/or electronicallyfor later reference.

It is also within the ambit of the present invention where thedimensions D_(d),D_(w) are measured and recorded using alternativedevices such as electronic or automated measurement tools. For instance,an electronic scanner can collect one or more images of the indentedimpact zone surface 50 and record image data that can be used todigitally re-create the indented surface. In this manner, the dimensionsD_(d),D_(w) can be subsequently determined from the recorded image data.

For the illustrated recording device 28, the recorded data is generallycollected subsequent to the hail storm event. Where the recording devicecollects and records data electronically in real time, data can also becollected during the hail storm event.

Where the indented panel component 46 is removed after the hail stormevent due to excessive panel damage, the indented panel component 46 canbe replaced with a new panel component 46. Alternatively, where theindented panel component 46 has only relatively shallow depressions, thepanel component 46 could be reinstalled in an inverted position so thatthe lower sheet 56 faces upwardly.

Using the recorded dimension data from the recording device 28, animpact energy value can be calculated for a corresponding depression P.Specifically, the depth and width dimensions D_(d),D_(w) for eachdepression P can be used to calculate the corresponding impact energyvalue of the hail stone S that formed the depression P. This is possiblebecause the hail impact zone of the recording device 28 is preferablycalibrated so that various degrees of deformation caused by hail strikescorrespond with known values of impact energy. More specifically, theillustrated panel component has been calibrated so that the impactenergy values identified in Table 1 produce depressions P withcorresponding ranges of depth dimension D_(d).

TABLE 1 Correlation of Impact Energy and Depth Dimension for a PanelDepression (hail stones with an outer diameter ranging from about 1.5inches to about 2 inches) Impact Energy (foot-pounds) Depression Depth(inches) 0-2.5    0-0.080 5 0.114-0.132 10 0.180-0.190 12 0.190-0.210 150.210-0.290 20 0.340-0.400

Thus, for each measured depression depth dimension, a value of impactenergy can be calculated from the chart in Table 1. It will also beappreciated that the correlation data in Table 1 can be used tocalculate impact energy for a depth dimension D_(d) between an adjacentpair of listed depth dimensions D_(d). This calculation can be doneusing conventional techniques, such as by using linear interpolation todetermine the impact energy. Also, a nonlinear curve fit of thedepression depth and impact energy data can be generated and used todetermine the impact energy from the curve fit representation of thedata.

As will be discussed, the correlation identified in Table 1 betweendepth dimension D_(d) and impact energy is developed empirically for theillustrated panel component 46 (or for other panel assemblies) so as tocalibrate the panel for recording hail strikes.

In some instances, it might be possible to calculate, from the collecteddata including information about the depressions P, a mass and maximumdiameter dimension of the associated hail stone S can be calculated fromthe recorded dimension data.

As mentioned above, the depressions P have depth and width dimensionsD_(d),D_(w) associated with the impact energy of the corresponding hailstrike. This dimension data collected for all of the recordeddepressions associated with one of the recording devices can be analyzedto calculate statistical information about the hail strikes. Forinstance, the dimension data can be analyzed to calculate mean (and/ormedian) depth and width dimensions for the depressions P, and thestandard deviation of depth and width dimensions for the depressions P.The dimension data can also be used to calculate the maximum depth andwidth dimensions for depressions P.

Furthermore, the dimension data for multiple recording devices 28 can beanalyzed collectively to calculate the statistical values mentionedabove with respect to all of the multiple recording devices 28. Suchcalculations can be performed for multiple recording devices 28installed on a single roof. Alternatively, these calculations can alsobe performed for multiple recording devices installed on multiple roofs(e.g., recording devices deployed across multiple, spaced apartbuildings located on a single real estate property or on multipleproperties).

Where the recording device 28 includes a video camera to record videodata of the hail storm event recorded by the panel component 46, thisvideo data can be evaluated and compared to the recorded data from thepanel component 46. In particular, the recorded video data can be usedto identify an individual hail stone S from the video data and where thehail stone S impacts the panel component. In this manner, the video datais used to associate the hail stone S with a particular depression P inthe panel component 46.

With this association, the video data can be used to estimate themaximum diameter dimension of the hail stone S. The estimated maximumdiameter dimension of the hail stone S can then be compared to thecalculated maximum diameter dimension, e.g., to verify the accuracy ofthe dimension calculated from the recorded panel data.

Again, the correlation identified in Table 1 between depth dimensionD_(d) and impact energy is developed empirically for the illustratedpanel component 46 so as to calibrate the panel for recording hailstrikes. Using a drop test similar to that disclosed in ASTM-D3746, amissile with a known weight is dropped onto a sample of the panelcomponent 46 at various heights corresponding to the impact energyvalues listed in Table 1. The depth dimension of the depressionassociated with each missile drop is then measured, recorded, andassociated with the respective impact energy value. However, calibrationof the panel component 46 could be performed by other methods. Forinstance, various features of the panel component 46 could be specifiedand tested using a mathematical model and a theoretical determination ofpanel response to hail strikes. Furthermore, such a determination couldbe done using a computerized model and simulation of the panel (e.g., byperforming a finite element analysis of the panel structural design).

Using the calculated energy values, as described above, it is typicallydesirable to test how a roof sample responds to the calculated energyvalues. This is particularly the case for hail strikes involvingmoderately-sized hail stones, when the full extent of any damage to theroof is hidden or is unclear from visual inspection. Moreover, witholder roofs having damage caused simply by exposure, it may be difficultto determine whether the hail storm event is responsible for any of thedamage.

This test would employ a standard drop test procedure, similar to thatdisclosed in ASTM-D3746. In particular, a missile with a known weight isdropped onto a roof sample at a height corresponding with a desiredvalue of impact energy. The roof sample to be tested is preferablysuperimposed portions of the roof deck 30, substrate board 32, and roofmembrane 34 taken from the roof assembly 20. Alternatively, the roofsample may be taken from the roof assembly 20 and include superimposedportions of only the substrate board 32 and roof membrane 34, or mayonly include a portion of the roof membrane 34 (although this is leastdesirable). Furthermore, the roof sample may include sample portions nottaken from the roof assembly 20 but substantially identical to therespective roof deck 30, substrate board 32, and/or roof membrane 34.The drop test of the roof sample is preferably done remotely from theroof assembly 20, but could be performed on a sample that remainsattached to the roof.

In most instances, the desired impact energy value for this test is thegreatest value of impact energy calculated from the corresponding hailstrikes. In other words, in conducting the drop test, the missile is seta height that produces the maximum impact energy as experienced by thedevice. The maximum energy should correspond with the depression(s)calibrated to the highest energy levels. It will be appreciated that thedrop test may be performed one or more times at each desired height.

Subsequent to the drop test, the sample of the membrane 34 can then bevisually inspected for visible structural damage, such as plasticdeformation, cracking, and/or tearing of the sample roof membrane,substrate board, and/or roof deck.

Importantly, this drop test procedure can also be used to empiricallydetermine a rating for a membrane, substrate board, roof deck, or otherroofing material based upon the value of impact energy, associated witha hail strike, that the material sample can withstand without beingdamaged (e.g., without retaining damage in the form of plasticdeformation, cracking, and/or tearing). For instance, the drop test canbe performed at a series of impact energy values to determine theminimum value of impact energy required to generate a threshold level ofdamage that would trigger replacement of the roof. This information may,however, not be useful for aged roofs.

In at least some instances, it is desirable to use the recordeddepression data from the panel component 46 and the corresponding valuesof calculated impact energy to assess, via the standard drop testprocedure, whether significant damage is caused by such impact energyvalues to the roof membrane 34.

If necessary, in addition to the damage assessed during the testing ofthe roof sample, other factors can be used to assist in determiningwhether roof replacement is warranted. For example, the general age andcondition of the roof membrane 34, damage to exposed vertical roofprojections (such as vents, gutters, and HVAC equipment), and the numberand/or density of structural damage occurrences to the roof may be usedin this determination.

As discussed above, multiple recording devices 28 can be deployed acrossone or more buildings to sense a hail storm event. It is believed thatdeployment of multiple recording devices 28 across a wide area canpotentially provide a better understanding of properties (such as thephysical size, strength, path, speed, and timing) of a hail storm event.

In at least some instances, it is anticipated that recorded data frommultiple recording devices 28 could be correlated with weather radardata to provide an even more detailed and complete history of the hailstorm event. Various types of radar data could be compared andcorrelated with recorded data from the recording devices 28. Forinstance, dual polarimetric data could be correlated with the recordeddata to interpolate and/or extrapolate properties of the hail stormevent, such as hail size, impact energy, etc. at locations spaced fromdeployed recording devices 28 and/or at times different from times atwhich hail strikes are recorded by the recording devices 28. That is,hail storm properties could be interpolated and/or extrapolated as afunction of location and/or time.

The correlation can be used to determine the maximum impact energy fromhail and the frequency of large hail stones that could have occurredwithin a given area (e.g., a two (2) inch diameter hail stone having animpact energy of 20 ft-lb occurred about four (4) times in 100 squaremeters, with a 95% confidence level). It will be appreciated thatinterpolation and/or extrapolation of data can be performed usingconventional mathematical curve fitting techniques, e.g., by using aGaussian curve fit algorithm. Preferred dual polarimetric factors (ormoments) for correlation with recorded data include, for instance,reflectivity, differential reflectivity, correlation coefficient, andspecific differential phase.

Turning to FIGS. 8-13, alternative embodiments of the present inventionare depicted. For the sake of brevity, the remaining description willfocus primarily on the differences of these alternative embodiments fromthe first-mentioned embodiment described above.

Initially turning to FIG. 8, an alternative roof assembly 200 isconstructed in accordance with a second embodiment of the presentinvention. The roof assembly 200 preferably includes an alternative roofsection 202 and a hail strike recording device 204 substantiallyidentical to the hail strike recording device 28.

The roof section 202 comprises part of a conventional pitched roof andincludes a deck 206 and a plurality of composite shingles 208, with thedeck 206 presenting an outwardly facing surface 210.

The recording device 204 includes a panel component 212 and a mountingassembly 214. The mounting assembly 214 includes a membrane 216 with anoutermost margin 218 that is secured to the shingles 208 with a sealinglayer (not shown). Thus, the mounting assembly 212 providesnonpenetrating attachment of the recording device 204 to the roofsection 202. The panel component 212 includes a hail impact zone thatpresents an impact zone surface 220.

Each recording device 204 is preferably attached to the roof section 202so that the impact zone surface 220 faces skyward in generally the sameorientation as the outwardly facing surface 210 of the deck 206.

The impact zone surface 220 and the outwardly facing surface 210 presentrespective normal directions that preferably cooperatively define anincluded angle dimension ranging from about zero (0) degrees and toabout ten (10) degrees and, more preferably, from about zero (0) degreesto about five (5) degrees. Most preferably, the surfaces 210,220 areboth planar and are arranged in a substantially parallel relationship,with the included angle dimension being within the ranges discussedabove or less.

Turning to FIGS. 9-10, an alternative roof assembly 300 is constructedin accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention. The roofassembly 300 preferably includes a roof section 302 and an alternativehail strike recording device 304.

The roof section 302 comprises a conventional flat roof construction andincludes a roof deck 306, a substrate board 308, and a bitumen roofmembrane 310. The roof deck 30 is preferably supported on a buildingframework (not shown).

The recording device 304 preferably includes a panel component 312 andan alternative mounting assembly 314 that secures the panel component312 to the roof. The panel component 312 includes a panel core 316 andopposite upper and lower sheets 318,320 fixed to corresponding faces ofthe panel core 316.

The mounting assembly 314 is preferably used to position the panelcomponent 312 in a position spaced above the roof membrane 310. Theillustrated mounting assembly 314 includes a pair of elongated woodstuds 322, a membrane 324, fastener assemblies 326, and nails 328. Thewood studs 322 comprise conventional 2×4 studs with multiplecounterbored holes 330 spaced along the length of the stud 322. Thestuds 322 are preferably spaced apart and aligned substantially parallelto one another and to opposite outer margins of the panel component 312.The studs 322 are each preferably nailed to the underlying roof section302 with multiple nails 328. However, the studs 322 could be secured tothe roof using alternative fasteners.

The membrane 324 is preferably laid over the studs 322 and sealed to theroof membrane 310 using a sealing layer (not shown) of hot-mop bitumenor adhesive.

The panel component 312 is preferably removably secured to the studs 322with multiple ones of the fastener assemblies 326. Each fastenerassembly 326 is conventional and preferably includes a threaded bolt 326a, threaded nut 326 b, and washer 326 c.

Again, when the panel component 312 is attached to the roof, the panelcomponent 312 is spaced above the roof membrane 310. Thus, the recordingdevice 304 and the roof cooperatively define an open space 332 thatpermits exposed conduit 334 to extend below the panel component 312. Itis also within the ambit of the present invention where the recordingdevice 304 is configured to be mounted to the roof so that other typesof exposed structures could be located adjacent and/or below the panelcomponent 312. Nevertheless, the illustrated mounting assembly 314serves to position the panel component 312 adjacent the roof, asdescribed above.

Turning to FIGS. 11-13, an alternative roof assembly 400 is constructedin accordance with a fourth embodiment of the present invention. Theroof assembly 400 preferably includes a roof section 402 and analternative hail strike recording device 404.

The recording device 404 preferably includes an alternative panelcomponent 406 and alternative mounting assembly 408 that supports thepanel component 406 on the roof. In this embodiment, the panel componentpreferably comprises a platen 412. The recording device 404 furtherincludes components for electronically recording data about hailstrikes. More particularly, the device 404 preferably includes multipleload cells 414, and a controller 416 including a processor 418 and amemory element 420.

The preferred mounting assembly 408 includes a frame 421 that comprisesa base plate 422 and a rim 424. The rim 424 preferably extends endlesslyalong an outer margin of the base plate 422 so as to cooperativelypresent a chamber 426. The chamber 426 preferably presents a generallysquare profile shape. The base plate 422 and rim 424 are preferablyformed of aluminum, but could include alternative materials.

The platen 412 is used to sense hail strikes during a hail storm event.The platen 412 preferably comprises a unitary metal plate that presentsa substantially continuous plate thickness and a generally squareprofile shape. The platen 412 is preferably substantially rigid so thatthe platen 412 does not experience plastic deformation in response to ahail strike. The platen 412 also presents an exposed face comprising animpact zone surface 428 that faces skyward and is operable to beimpacted by a hail stone.

Each recording device 404 is preferably attached to the roof so that theimpact zone surface 428 faces skyward in generally the same orientationas an exposed surface of the roof membrane. Most preferably, the impactzone surface 428 and the exposed surface of the roof are both planar andare arranged in a substantially parallel relationship, with the includedangle dimension being within the ranges discussed in connection with thefirst-mentioned panel embodiment.

When placed in the chamber 426, the platen 412 provides an impact zonethat extends across the entire face of the platen 412, with the impactzone being operably connected to and supported by the load cells 414.The platen 412 is preferably spaced from the rim 424 to prevent theplaten 412 from being directly contacted or supported by the frame 421.Therefore, the frame 421 avoids interfering with the load cells 414sensing the entire force applied to the platen 412 by a hail strike. Inother words, the platen 412 is directly supported exclusively by theload cells 414.

However, for some aspects of the present invention, the platen 412 couldbe attached along the outer margin thereof to the frame 421 (e.g., wherethe outer margin of the platen 412 is attached continuously orperiodically along the uppermost margin of the rim 424).

The load cells 414 are conventional transducers that each provide outputdata in the form of an electronic signal that corresponds to a sensedforce. In particular, each load cell 414 senses a force applied to theload cell 414 along an axial direction. The load cells 414 are attachedto an interior or bottom surface of the base plate 422. In theillustrated embodiment, the axial direction of each load cell 414 issubstantially parallel to the direction normal to the impact zonesurface 428. Further, the load cells 414 are positioned adjacent torespective corners of the frame 421 and support the platen 412 adjacentto respective corners thereof. In this manner, the load cells 414 areused to cooperatively sense any force applied to the platen 412 along adirection normal to the impact zone surface 428.

While the load cells 414 are preferred to sense hail strikes on theplaten 412, it is within the ambit of the present invention where analternative transducer, such as a velocity sensor or an accelerometer,is used to sense such hail strikes. It will be appreciated thatalternative transducers could be used to sense one or more alternativeparameters (such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, vibrationamplitude, vibration frequency, deflection, etc.) associated with hailstrikes of the platen.

The processor 418 and memory element 420 are conventional. The processor418 may include microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signalprocessors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), analog and/ordigital application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and the like,or combinations thereof. The processor 418 may generally execute,process, or run instructions, code, software, firmware, programs,applications, apps, or the like, or may step through states of afinite-state machine.

The memory element 420 may include data storage components such asread-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), hard-disk drives,optical disk drives, flash memory drives, and the like, or combinationsthereof. The memory element 420 may include, or may constitute, a“computer-readable medium”. The memory element 420 may store theinstructions, code, software, firmware, programs, applications, apps, orthe like that are executed by the processor. The memory element 420 mayalso store settings or data.

In the usual manner, the processor 418 and memory element 420 areoperably coupled to each other. The processor 418 is also operablycoupled to the load cells 414 so that the processor 418 can beprogrammed or otherwise operated to selectively sample output data fromeach of the load cells 414. The processor 418 is operably coupled to thememory element 420 to store the output data as recorded data in thememory element 420. Yet further, the processor 418 is operable to becoupled to an external device (not shown) so that recorded data and/oroutput data from the load cells 414 can be transmitted to the externaldevice. The external device can include, but is not limited to, anotherprocessor, another memory element, or a combination thereof.Additionally, as will be discussed, the controller 416 can be operablycoupled to the controller 416 of one or more other recording devices404, a server, a database, or other communication, storage, orprocessing devices.

Preferably, the processor 418 samples output data from the load cells414 at a sampling rate that ranges from about one hundred twenty Hertz(120 Hz) to about one thousand Hertz (1000 Hz). It has been determinedthat this range of sampling rate is particularly effective foraccurately sampling the output data caused by multiple hail strikes.

The recording device 404 also preferably includes a camera 430(preferably in the form of a video camera, although a still image camerais within the scope of the present invention), a wind anemometer 432, awind direction sensor 434, and a temperature sensor 436 (see FIG. 13).These components are conventional and are each operably coupled to theprocessor 418 so that the processor 418 can selectively sample andrecord output data from each device.

Again, the controller 416 can be operably coupled to the controller 416of one or more other recording devices 404, a server, or othercommunication, storage, or processing devices. The recording device 404may also include a computing device or be operably coupled to a serverdevice or another computing device that provides access to one or moregeneral computing resources, such as Internet services, electronic mailservices, data transfer services, and the like. The recording device 404may also provide or be operably coupled to another device (such as aserver or computing device) that provides access to a database thatstores information and data necessary for the implementation ofembodiments of the present invention.

The recording device 404 may include a computing device or be operablycoupled to a server device and/or another computing device thatcomprises mobile communication devices (including wireless devices),work stations, desktop computers, laptop computers, palmtop computers,tablet computers, portable digital assistants (PDA), smart phones, andthe like, or combinations thereof. Various embodiments of such computingdevices may also include voice communication devices, such as cellphones or landline phones. In preferred embodiments, such computingdevices may have an electronic display, such as a cathode ray tube,liquid crystal display, plasma, or touch screen that is operable todisplay visual graphics, images, text, etc. In certain embodiments, thepresent invention may facilitate interaction and communication through agraphical user interface (GUI) that is displayed via the electronicdisplay. The GUI enables the user to interact with the electronicdisplay by touching or pointing at display areas to provide informationto a user control interface, discussed in more detail below. Suchcomputing devices may be able to capture, store, and transmit digitalimages, videos, and other data.

The computing devices described above may include a user controlinterface that enables one or more users to share information andcommands with computing devices and/or server devices. The userinterface may facilitate interaction through the GUI described above ormay additionally comprise one or more functionable inputs such asbuttons, keyboard, switches, scrolls wheels, voice recognition elementssuch as a microphone, pointing devices such as mice, touchpads, trackingballs, styluses. The user control interface may also include a speakerfor providing audible instructions and feedback. Further, the usercontrol interface may comprise wired or wireless data transfer elements,such as a communication component, removable memory, data transceivers,and/or transmitters, to enable the user and/or other computing devicesto remotely interface with the recording device 404.

With the illustrated recording device 404, a communications network maybe provided and/or used in the form of a wired or wireless network andmay include servers, routers, switches, wireless receivers andtransmitters, and the like, as well as electrically conductive cables oroptical cables. The communications network may also include local,metro, or wide area networks, as well as the Internet, or other cloudnetworks. Furthermore, the communications network may include cellularor mobile phone networks, as well as landline phone networks, publicswitched telephone networks, fiber optic networks, or the like.

Recording devices 404, server devices, and other computing devices maybe connected to the communications network. Recording devices 404 maycommunicate with server devices or other computing devices through thecommunications network. Server devices may communicate with other serverdevices, recording devices 404, or other computing devices through thecommunications network. Also, other computing devices may communicatewith recording devices 404 or server devices through the communicationsnetwork. The connection to the communications network may be wired orwireless. Thus, the recording devices 404, server devices, and othercomputing devices may include the appropriate components to establish awired or a wireless connection.

With respect to the electronic components of the illustrated recordingdevice 404, it will be appreciated that these components, and theassociated methods for using them, could also be used in combinationwith the panels described in the previous embodiments.

The mounting assembly 408 also preferably includes vibration isolationmounts 438 and fasteners 440. The vibration isolation mounts 438 eachpreferably comprise unitary elastomeric mounting pads (such as rubberpads). However, the vibration isolation mounts 438 could bealternatively configured within the scope of the present invention.Fasteners 440 engage and secure the frame 421 to the roof. With theframe 421 attached to the roof, the vibration isolation mounts 438 arepreferably positioned between the base plate 422 and the roof.

In use, the recording devices 404 are mounted on the roof and includethe frame 421, platen, 412, load cells 414, and controller 416, asmentioned above. The recording devices 404 are positioned so that theplaten face faces skyward in generally the same orientation as the roof,with hail strikes against the platen face being substantially similar tohail strikes against the roof. The load cells 414 are operably coupledto the platen 412 to sense force associated with a hail strike. Thecontroller 416 is coupled to the load cells so that the processor 418receives (or samples) force output signals from the load cells 414associated with sensed forces and stores the force output signals asrecorded output data in the memory element 420.

The processor 418 samples output signals from the load cells 414 at asampling rate that ranges from about one hundred twenty Hertz (120 Hz)to about one thousand Hertz (1000 Hz). Again, it has been determinedthat this range of sampling rate is particularly effective foraccurately sampling the output data caused by multiple hail strikes.

The processor 418 also receives signals from the camera 430, the windanemometer 432, the wind direction sensor 434, and the temperaturesensor 436. Furthermore, the processor 418 stores these output signalsas recorded output data in the memory element 420.

The recorded output data is selectively collected from the controller416 by operably connecting an external device (such as one of theexternal devices described above) to the controller 416 and transmittingthe recorded output data to the external device.

The transmitted output data can then be used to analyze the sensed hailstrikes. For instance, the recorded force output signals can be used tocalculate corresponding values of impact energy. As discussed above inthe first-mentioned embodiment, the calculated impact energy values canbe used to test a sample of the roof to assess whether the impact energycauses damage to the roof sample (e.g., whether any damage is sufficientto justify replacement of the roof).

Using a drop test similar to that disclosed in ASTM-D3746, the recordingdevice 404 is preferably calibrated to produce a chart that compares asensed maximum impact force for a test missile and the impact energyassociated with the dropped missile. This calibration is preferably doneprior to installation of the recording device 404 on the roof, but couldalso be done after installation (e.g., to determine if the calibrationof load cells 414 or other components of the recording device 404 haschanged, or if components of the recording device 404 have otherwisefailed, since installation).

Again, a missile with a known weight can be dropped onto the panel atvarious heights corresponding to particular impact energy values, suchas those listed in Table 1. Output data from the load cells 414associated with sensed values of force can be sampled by the processorand stored as recorded output data. This recorded data can then becorrelated to the corresponding values of impact energy and missile dropheight for each missile drop.

The preferred forms of the invention described above are to be used asillustration only, and should not be utilized in a limiting sense ininterpreting the scope of the present invention. Obvious modificationsto the exemplary embodiments, as hereinabove set forth, could be readilymade by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit ofthe present invention.

The inventors hereby state their intent to rely on the Doctrine ofEquivalents to determine and assess the reasonably fair scope of thepresent invention as pertains to any apparatus not materially departingfrom but outside the literal scope of the invention as set forth in thefollowing claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A building structure presenting an open interiorspace, said building structure comprising: a roof-supporting framework;a roof operable to cover the interior space, with the roof being exposedto hail storm events, said roof including— a roof deck spanning theinterior space and being supported on the framework, and a coveringoverlying the roof deck to be exposed in a skyward direction, said roofdeck and covering cooperatively defining a lateral roof dimension; and ahail strike recording panel removably secured to the roof and partlyoverlying the roof to provide quantifiable information about a hailstorm event experienced by the roof, said recording panel including— ametal upper sheet presenting opposite upper and lower sheet surfaces,with a deformable hail impact zone being defined at least in part by theupper sheet along at least a portion of the upper sheet surface, saidupper sheet surface facing skyward in the same general orientation asthe roof, said hail impact zone being configured to measurably deformwhen impacted by a hail strike, with the panel being calibrated so thatdeformation of the hail impact zone corresponds with a known impactenergy, and an underlying material layer presenting upper and lowerfaces, with the upper face underlying the lower sheet surface, saidupper sheet and said underlying material layer cooperatively defining amaximum lateral panel dimension that is less than the lateral roofdimension so that a portion of the roof remains uncovered by the panelwhen the panel is secured to the roof, said underlying material layercomprising a synthetic resin material.
 2. The building structure asclaimed in claim 1, said hail impact zone being configured to support astatic force less than about 75 psi without plastically deforming. 3.The building structure as claimed in claim 1, said upper sheet and saidunderlying material layer defining at least in part a panel thicknessmeasured in a perpendicular direction relative to the upper sheetsurface, said panel thickness ranging from about ½ inch to about 2inches.
 4. The building structure as claimed in claim 3, said uppersheet presenting a sheet thickness that ranges from about 0.01 inch toabout 0.05 inch.
 5. The building structure as claimed in claim 1, saidupper sheet being formed of aluminum.
 6. The building structure asclaimed in claim 1, said lower sheet surface and said upper face of theunderlying material layer being directly adhered to one another.
 7. Thebuilding structure as claimed in claim 1, said upper sheet and saidunderlying material layer being coextensive.
 8. The building structureas claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a lower sheet opposite theupper sheet, with the underlying material layer being fixed between theupper and lower sheets.
 9. The building structure as claimed in claim 1,said upper sheet and said underlying material layer being substantiallyplanar, such that the faces of the underlying material layer and thesheet surfaces are substantially parallel to one another.
 10. Thebuilding structure as claimed in claim 1, said impact zone beingconfigured so that deformation caused by the hail strike creates adimensionally measurable depression, with the dimensions of thedepression corresponding with the known impact energy.
 11. The buildingstructure as claimed in claim 1, said roof including an exposed roofmembrane that comprises the covering, said panel being positioned abovethe roof membrane.
 12. The building structure as claimed in claim 1,said lower sheet surface and said upper face of the underlying materiallayer being directly adhered to one another, said upper sheet and saidunderlying material layer being substantially planar, such that thefaces of the underlying material layer and the sheet surfaces aresubstantially parallel to one another.
 13. The building structure asclaimed in claim 12, said impact zone being configured so thatdeformation caused by the hail strike creates a dimensionally measurabledepression, with the dimensions of the depression corresponding with theknown impact energy.
 14. The building structure as claimed in claim 13,said hail impact zone being configured to support a static force of lessthan about 75 psi without plastically deforming.
 15. The buildingstructure as claimed in claim 1, said panel being devoid of any sheetstructure below the lower face of the underlying material layer.
 16. Thebuilding structure as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a mountingassembly including an attachment membrane secured to the panel, saidattachment membrane being connected to the roof.
 17. The buildingstructure as claimed in claim 16, said panel including an attachmentsection extending along the hail impact zone, said attachment membranebeing in sealing contact with the panel along the attachment section,said attachment membrane being endless and circumscribing the panel,said roof presenting an exposed roof membrane that comprises thecovering, said attachment membrane comprising a roof material that isjoined with the roof membrane.
 18. The building structure as claimed inclaim 1, said covering including a roof membrane and/or a plurality ofshingles.
 19. The building structure as claimed in claim 18, furthercomprising: a mounting assembly including a fastener secured to thepanel and connected to the covering.